Supreme Court Cases Dealing with Pornography

Preeminent Court Cases Dealing with Pornography The Supreme Court has tended to erotic entertainment more frequently than practically some other issue of similar explicitness, and little miracle why-the Court has perused an understood indecency special case to the free discourse statement, giving it the unenviable obligation of deciphering an implicit eighteenth century meaning of profanity two centuries later. Also, the more the Court has endeavored to characterize vulgarity, the more mind boggling that definition has become.The Supreme Court made things marginally simpler for itself in three cases, all settled on 1967 and 1973.Jacobellis v. Ohio (1967)Forced to decide if the workmanship film Les Amants was disgusting, regardless of the way that it was clearly not expected to fill in as erotic entertainment, the Court recognized the trouble of its activity before deciding for the film on different, dubious grounds. Equity Potter Stewart notably caught the Courts challenge: It is conceivable to peruse the Courts feeling in [past erotic entertainment cases] in an assortment of ways. In saying this, I suggest no analysis of the Court, which, in those cases, was confronted with the errand of attempting to characterize what might be indefinable. I have arrived at the resolution, which I believe is affirmed at any rate by negative ramifications in the Courts [recent decisions] that, under the First and Fourteenth Amendments, criminal laws here are unavoidably constrained to in-your-face erotic entertainment. I will not today endeavor further to characterize the sorts of material I comprehend to be grasped inside that shorthand portrayal, and maybe I would never prevail in comprehensibly doing as such. However, I know it when I see it, and the movie engaged with this case isn't that. These are the rights that appealing party is attesting for the situation before us. He is declaring the option to peruse or see what he satisfies the option to fulfill his scholarly and enthusiastic needs in the security of his own home. He is attesting the option to be liberated from state investigation into the substance of his library. Georgia battles that litigant doesn't have these rights, that there are specific kinds of materials that the individual may not peruse or even have. Georgia legitimizes this attestation by contending that the movies in the current case are obscene.But we believe that simple classification of these movies as vulgar is inadequate legitimization for such a radical intrusion of individual freedoms ensured by the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Whatever might be the legitimizations for different resolutions directing indecency, we don't think they venture into the security of ones own home. On the off chance that the First Amendment implies anything, it implies that a State should not be telling a man, sitting alone in his own home, what books he may peruse or what films he may watch. Our entire sacred legacy rebels at the idea of enabling government to control mens minds. The trouble is that we don't manage established terms, since profanity isn't referenced in the Constitution or Bill of Rights †¦ for there was no perceived special case to the free press at the time the Bill of Rights was embraced which rewarded vulgar distributions uniquely in contrast to different kinds of papers, magazines, and books †¦ What stuns me might be food for my neighbor. What makes one individual bubble up in rage more than one handout or film may reflect just his anxiety, not shared by others. We manage a system of control which, whenever embraced, ought to be finished by sacred alteration after full discussion by the people.Obscenity cases generally produce huge passionate upheavals. They should not be being in the courts. On the off chance that a sacred correction approved restriction, the blue pencil would most likely be an authoritative organization. At that point criminal arraignments could follow as, if, and when distributers opposed the blue pencil and sold their writing. Under that system, a distributer would know when he was on perilous ground. Under the current system whether the old measures or the new ones are utilized the criminal law turns into a snare. By and by, everything except the most destructive and exploitative types of sex entertainment have for the most part been decriminalized notwithstanding the Courts relative absence of lucidity on this issue.

Character analysis of Eddie Essays

Character investigation of Eddie Essays Character investigation of Eddie Paper Character investigation of Eddie Paper A View from the Bridge is a contemporary show composed by Arthur Miller in 1955, who was conceived in New York City and learned at the University of Michigan. The play happens in Brooklyn around 1950’s. Eddie is a unintelligible character and is weak despite his sad destiny. He harbors a mystery desire for his niece Catherine which causes in the long run his annihilation. All through the play, he is viewed as the lamentable legend or unfortunate hero, which means he is the focal character on whom the disaster happens to. Eddie is uneducated and persevering resolved to carry out his responsibility of his family and keep up the regard of the neighbor, â€Å"He is forty-an imposing, marginally overweight longshoreman †¦ where the untamed ocean begins.† He has truly been a caring gatekeeper to Catherine and when fundamental he has gone searching for work in Hoboken, Staten Island thus on. Eddie’s envy over his alluring youthful niece Catherine is by all accounts more impressive than his affection for Beatrice and his feeling of respect as a Sicilian American. Mill operator utilizes characterisation, imagery and plot to show how Eddie’s clouded side step by step causes his passing. In the start of the play, Eddie’s relationship with Catherine resembles a dad and a little girl which will in the long run change to a man and woman’s relationship. These stages are typically little episodes however every one of them builds up another point to the relationship. In Act One, when Eddie goes into the house, he discovers Catherine all spruced up and in another style. His eyes â€Å"enveloping† her discloses to Catherine that she looks pretty and looks â€Å"like one of them young ladies that went to college.† This recommends his enthusiasm for her is more than fatherly. He includes that the skirt is a piece too short â€Å"but you gotta plunk down sometimes†. Catherine can't help contradicting him and finds the skirt impeccably fine. Eddie is the alpha male in the house and attempts to be in charge of Catherine â€Å"Catherine, I don’t need to be a bug, however I’m letting you know, you’re strolling wavy†. Catherine is attempting to resemble some other young lady anyway Eddie isn't happy to let her do this â€Å"you ain’t all the girls† and prevents her from growing up into explicitly alluring, autonomous grown-up. By rehashing allegations of â€Å"walking wavy† and drawing men’s consideration, Eddie depicts his own sentiments: she gives him â€Å"the willies† and â€Å"aggravates† him. He is being defensive unquestionably, however it is something that upsets him inwardly. He calls her â€Å"Madonna type†: attempting to force customary estimations of virtuousness and unobtrusiveness in a cutting edge culture where short skirts and high heels are the style now and parading gentility and sexuality isn't disliked. Eddie’s assurance is focused on an unthinkable and unreasonable objective: to keep Catherine in the job that he has imagined for her as a â€Å"Madonna never depending on the way that she† could ever grow up. Eddie helps Catherine to remember the guarantee he has made to her mom on her deathbed. Eddie says, â€Å"Katie I guaranteed your mom on her deathbed. I’m answerable for you. You’re a baby†. Eddie despite everything considers Catherine an infant â€Å"You’re a baby† and this thought forestalls Eddie from permitting Catherine to grow up. At the point when Catherine discloses to Eddie that she was waving at Louis (Eddie’s companion), he gets overprotective and cautions Catherine by advising her â€Å"Listen, I could reveal to you things about Louis which you wouldn’t wave at him no more†. He shields Catherine from marriage or any male relationship and needs her for himself. Before the appearance of Rodolpho and Marco, his preposterously overprotective disposition to Catherine and his non-existent sexual coexistence with Beatrice quickly surface as subjects for contentions. Later Eddie’s issue are summarized by Beatrice’s questions, â€Å"when am I going to be a spouse again?†, and (to Catherine) â€Å"was there ever any fella he enjoyed for you?† . When Catherine lights Eddie’s stogie in the parlor, it gives him abnormal joy. This perhaps warm and friendly act among niece and uncle has phallic recommendations. The appearance of Beatrice’s cousins, acts like impetus, and fuel the rising activity of this show. When Beatrice’s cousins show up Eddie endeavors to be the man of the house and cautions Beatrice and Catherine not to enlighten anybody regarding the two unlawful migrants, â€Å"It never comes out of your mouth what their identity is or what they’re doing here.† moreover he approves an occurrence to Catherine about â€Å"Vinny† who squealed about his uncle who was an illicit outsider to the migration. He has been removed by the networks alienated for an incredible remainder and respected with disdain and hatred. A comparative destiny is inescapable for Eddie, who is set up to surrender his status in the network to make Rodolpho return to Italy, as he considers that to be the main alternative accessible to him. Once Eddie knows that one of Beatrice’s cousins, Rodolpho, sings, cooks, makes dresses, he blows up with respect to Eddie it is simply bazaar conduct for a man. Eddie is stunned of his ladylike quality as it is totally against the idea of masculinity. That’s first where he starts to niggle away at him and afterward he goes somewhat further where he thinks he isn't a man by any means, possibly he is gay and that he shouldn’t be with Catherine. He attempts to show Catherine that Rodolpho isn't the correct person for her as he sees that them two are pulled in to each other. Eddie kissing Rodolpho and afterward Catherine prompts a fiasco. Eddie betrays himself into feeling that Rodolpho â€Å"Ain’t right† to legitimize his endeavors to ruin him before Catherine and couldn't care less about the impact this has on his marriage.

How Student Athlete Insurance Protects Financial Futures

How Student Athlete Insurance Protects Financial Futures How Student Athlete Insurance Protects Financial Futures How Student Athlete Insurance Protects Financial FuturesWith specialized insurance policies like loss of value coverage, a drop on draft day could end up paying these athletes millions.Here on the OppLoans Financial Sense Blog,  much of what we write is about helping people protect their financial futures. That’s why we regularly blog about building your savings, earning extra income from a side hustle, repairing your bad credit, and steering clear of predatory no credit check loans. A good deal of the advice we give is true no matter who you are.But  some people have financial futures that are  far, far different than ours. And that means the way they protect their money is unique as well!One of the groups that this applies to is high-level college athletes, especially in men’s sports. These guys stand to potentially make millions (and millions!) once they go pro. But at the same time, one wrong move on the field or an awkward fall on the court could make those millions disappea r in a flash!(Imagine if Deshaun Watson had torn his ACL last season instead of after he was drafted.  It could have changed his entire career trajectory. One thing that wouldnt have changed? The Texans would still be stuck starting Tom Savage.)That’s where insurance comes in. And, sure, lots of us have insurance coverage, but we don’t have coverage quite like the kind that’s offered to these high-level athletesâ€"in both college and the pros.Let’s find out some more about it, shall we?Exceptional Student-Athlete Disability InsuranceIn 1990, the NCAA (the body that governs college athletics) started a program that sponsored disability insurance for “exceptional” student-athletes. Originally, the program only covered football and men’s basketball, but by 1998 it had expanded to include all men’s and women’s sports.The policy offered through the program is called Permanent Total Disability Insurance or PTD. Simply put, if the athlete suffers an injury that forces the m to give up a career in pro sports, the policy will pay them out a large sum to cover the potential earnings that they’ve lost. The policies have a maximum coverage of $10 million for football and men’s basketball, $5 million for baseball, $3 million for men’s ice hockey, and $250,000 for women’s basketball.The program allows players to take out a loan to cover the cost of the insurance premiumsâ€"which often cost tens of thousands of dollars. Once a player receives their pro contract, they can simply pay the loan off and be on their merry way.In the decades since these policies  were first  offered, the market for them has grown at a phenomenal rate. And players don’t have to get their contracts through the NCAA’s program either. Many players now  secure policies on their ownâ€"although the contracts must still be submitted to their school’s compliance office for approval.Here’s the rub. These policies only go into effect if youre injured and can never play your sp ort again. If you get  hurt and  fall from a top ten draft pick to a late fourth rounder but still end up having a pro career, this policy isn’t going to cover you. In 2016, NCAA director of travel and insurance, Juanita Sheely told a reporter from CBS Sports that “More than two and less than a dozen” of these policies have ever been paid out.That’s where insurers started getting creative.Enter Loss-of-Value InsuranceThese are riders (also known as LOV’s) that can be attached to PTD policies and they cover exactly the kind of scenario that we mentioned above: an athlete with top pick potential who gets injured and drops far in the draft.With all the major sports, the potential contract that an athlete can sign gets smaller and smaller the lower their draft position. For instance, Myles Garrett, the first overall pick in the 2017 NFL draft has a contract valued at over $30 million, whereas Ryan Ramcyzk, the 32nd overall pickâ€"and the last player picked in the first round†"has a contract valued at just below $9 million.Slipping in the draft could cost a player millions in guaranteed dollars. When a player takes out a PTD policy, they can also get a Loss of Value rider added to protect against that loss.The first NFL player to collect on his LOV rider was running back Silas Redd, who suffered a knee injury during his final year at USC and ended up going entirely undrafted in 2014â€"although he did eventually play professionally for Washington D.C. The second player to collectâ€"and the first do so with some fanfareâ€"was University of Oregon cornerback Ifo Ekpre-Olomu, whose knee injury in 2014 right before the Rose Bowl caused him to drop from (very likely) the first round to the seventh.There are two factors that have contributed to this increase in popularity for LOV riders. The first is that student-athletes can now take out loans secured against their future earnings in order to pay the expensive premiums. The second is that the NCAA also allows schools to pay those premiums themselves with money from the NCAA’s Student Assistance Fund. In fact, Ekpre-Olomu was one of four University of Oregon athletes, including then-quarterback Marcus Mariota, who had his premiums covered by the school for the 2014 season.Eric Chenowith is a former NBA player and insurance producer at Parq Advisors, where he specializes in disability insurance for college. and professional athletes. He says that he has seen the market for LOV coverage grow “drastically” over the past five years:“Originally, the only part that was available was Permanent Total Disability and, honestly, the chances of collecting on that are, honestly, probably less than one percent. And so a lot of guys just didn’t want to secure it. Loss of Value was around about ten years ago and then it went away and then it came back about 5 years ago and so it’s a sexier product in that it’s a lower hanging fruit to collect on”“You can buy your Permanent Total Disabil ity policy if your career ends, and then you can add a Loss of Value rider to cushion your loss in case you get hurt but you can still go and play,” says Chenowith. “Most athletes like the Loss of Value product in that you can have your cake and eat it too, in that you can collect your benefits and tax-free and still go play your prospective sport.”How are these policies created?Insurance policies are not exactly known for being simple, and these athlete disability contracts are no exception. With both PTD and LOV policies, the insurance companies underwriting the policy have to figure out what a player is likely to get on their next contract.For pro athletes, this can mean figuring out what they’ll be offered on the free market. For college athletes, it means figuring out where they’ll be drafted.“Loss of value coverage has something called a threshold amount,”  says ReedSmith LLP (@reedsmithllp)  attorney Richard Giller who specializes in athlete disability and loss of value coverage. “What happens is a broker or underwriters for the insurance company, or a combination of the two, try to determine the value of the athlete’s first pro contract or his or her next professional contract.”“For college athletes, most of the drafts have slotted contract positions so it’s really kind of a determination of where they think you might be drafted. So if you’re a top ten draft pick in the NFL, you know exactly what the contract values are for those first ten picks. And so insurance companies will usually offer anywhere from 60 to 70 percent of that value as an insured threshold amount. If you get injured that policy year,” says Giller, “and you end up signing a contract for less than that threshold amount, theoretically the insurance is supposed to cover the difference.”Why do these companies set a threshold at 60 to 70 percent instead of the full value? Well, because doing so might, shall we say, incentivize athletes to collect on the po licy over trying to stay healthy and maximize their earnings.According to Chenowith, the universities themselves are also very involved in the process, if not in the actual underwriting of the policies themselves.“The university does play a big role,” says Chenowith. “Ive never called a kid or a parent directly, ever, Ive only gone through compliance officers, head coaches, assistant coaches. Im going through the front door, and the reason why is because the schools involvement is so great.“If a student-athlete on campus wants disability insurance, the first person theyre going to talk to is a compliance officer. So Im calling compliance officers and letting them know about the products we have. The schools are actively involved in the process. They help schedule the exams with physicians to get the applications completed. And if the university is going to be using the Student Assistance Fund to pay the premiums, the compliance office is going to be involved too.”As Giller mentioned, underwriting loss of value coverage for a college athlete is all about figuring out where they’re going to be drafted and then basing their threshold on the salary for that draft slot. And as any draft expert can tell you, figuring out a player’s draft position is no simple feat.Here’s how one group determines draft positionChenowith explains how he and his colleagues estimate a player’s draft slot and use that to craft a policy:“We dont use websites, We dont use any of that stuff online. I think Mel Kiper does a great job, but if you look at his top 10 picks the last couple years, hes only getting two or three right.“Number one, we rank them by position, and we look at trends in the draft to see what positions are most valued in the draft. You notice that quarterbacks, left tackles, and cornerbacks are all really high-value positions in the draft. Offensive guard, running backs, and linebackersâ€"those arent necessarily going to be the most valued picks in t he draft. So we try to find the best players that are at the best positions that have the most value in the draft and then we rank them there.“Its a hybrid of information. Its three things. We go off the history of the draft over the last three years. And then we rank them by position, number two. And then number three, theres a report called The National, which most all NFL teams subscribe to. Its a scouting service. We take that data as well, and whatever the NFL is telling us where theyre projected will help us with where were going to project them in the draft.“From there, we put them in slots. If someones projected in the top five of the NFL draft this years gonna sign for anywhere between 35 million to 28 million dollars over four years. From there, what Lloyds of London does, is that they cut it in half. From that half-point, they assign whats called a threshold.“So if youre the fifth pick, your threshold point would probably be somewhere around pick twelve to fifteen. If you have an injury thats permanent deteriorationâ€"not permanent disability but permanent deteriorationâ€"that makes you fall past your threshold of 12, 13, 14, whatever number it is, thats when you start collecting. So after pick 15 is where youd be in the money.“Depending on how far you fallâ€"if you fall into the second, third, fourth, fifth roundâ€"wherever you fall is your stop-loss point, and thats what your Loss of Value benefit is going to be.”How much you get, and how much you pay, can depend on what sport you playIf you were going to take a bet on a shortstop or a running back suffering a knee injury, which one would you choose? You’d probably choose the running back, since football is a much more violent sport and the risk of injury is much higher.These same principles hold true for PTD and LOV coverage. The cost of the policy isn’t only determined by their draft slot, but also the sport, and even the position, that they play.And surprisingly, football is not t he sport that carries the highest risk position!“Actually, baseball amateur pitchers are the highest risk class just because amateur baseball pitchers are having Tommy John surgery left and right,” says Chenowith. “The numbers of amateur baseball pitchers having Tommy John or any kind of arm surgery are really staggering.“If you were to rate it from the  top down, for amateur sports, it would be college baseball pitchers, number one; college football, number two; college baseball position players, number three; college basketball, number four; college hockey, number five.”The reason that LOV policies exist is to protect athletes from injuries. But just because an athlete takes out an LOV rider and then suffers an injury, that doesn’t mean that the money from that policy is just theirs to collect.Payout isn’t guaranteedWhen an athlete gets injured and drops in the draft, they still have to submit a claim in order to collect. And oftentimes, the insurer will be looking f or a reason that the injury isn’t actually covered.Giller explains:“This leads to one of those misunderstandings with insurance companies. If you ask a Division 1 college football player if he’s ever been injured, his answer will depend on whether he’s missed any games because of an injury. Because the vast majority of starters in Division 1 football have been hurt at some point in terms of they twisted an ankle or they rolled an ankle. But they don’t miss playing time because of it, because it’s a bump or a bruise or a minor incident for them.“And so, on the application process for these policies, there are some questions like, Have you ever been injured in the past 24 months? And if they don’t list every single time they might have rolled their ankle or twisted their knee that didn’t require medical attention, an insurance company might use that as an example of not being 100 percent truthful on an application. These policy applications ask questions like, Have y ou taken any over the counter anti-inflammatory medication in the last two years? And for a college football player that could be, Yes, daily. So filling out the app is a critically important step and being forthcoming as possible on that application.”In order to avoid paying out a claim, many  insurance companies will engage in what Giller has dubbed “post-claim underwriting.”When you underwrite a policy, you’re supposed to look into the athlete’s injury history and most of these applications demand and require a HIPAA release and most of them indicate that we’re going to look into your background to determine your eligibility for coverage. And then most of the insurance companies, in my experience, do absolutely nothing. They don’t investigate a thing,” says Giller.“An athlete may list several knee sprains or a shoulder subluxation or something that’s fairly common for the sport and the insurance companies make no effort to investigate. And then when a claim c omes up they ask for every medical record for past ten years, and when they find an MRI that has something on it that could be interpreted as a bigger strain in the shoulder or knee than was first reported, they believe that they have grounds to potentially deny coverage.”Lots of people have stories about fighting to get their insurance policies honored after filing a claim. In that sense, these elite athletes aren’t so different from the rest of us after all.Do you want to learn more about how different groups or professionals protect their financial future? Send us your questions!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedINContributorsEric Chenowith is an insurance producer at  Parq Advisors, where he joined following eight years as a professional basketball player and an additional three years of coaching and teaching at his alma mater, Villa Park High School. Eric works directly with unive rsity athletic directors at most all College Football Playoff (CFP) institutions for their student-athlete disability insurance needs. Currently, Eric is a member of the Board Development Task Force at the Orange County Ronald McDonald House in Orange, California. He has also been featured sports topics on The Russillo and Kanell Show along with Outside The Lines with Bob Ley. Eric also served as a featured guest on NBATV with Rick Kamla.Richard  Giller  is partner in the Los Angeles Office of  ReedSmith LLP  (@reedsmithllp). He is one of a handful of attorneys in the country who represents collegiate and professional athletes (and counsels professional sports teams) regarding their disability, loss-of-value and workers’ compensation insurance claims.   He was recently recognized by the Los Angeles Business Journal as one of five finalists for the 2017 Entertainment and Sports Law Attorney of the Year award.

What Will Money Look Like in the Future

As more and more people rely on electronic rather than tangible forms of money on a day-to-day basis and the worlds financial systems appear to become more and more complex, many are left to ponder the future of money and currency.   The Future of Paper Money Its not likely that paper money will completely disappear at any time in the near future. It is true that electronic transactions have become more and more common over the last few decades and there is no reason why this trend will not continue. We may even get to the point where paper money transactions become incredibly rare - for some, they already are! At that point, the tables could turn and what we now consider paper money may actually act as the backing to our electronic currency, the way the gold standard once backed paper money. But even this scenario is difficult to picture, in part because of how we have historically placed a value on paper money. The Value of Money The concept behind money dates back to the beginning of civilization. Its no surprise why money caught on amongst civilized people: It was a much more efficient and convenient way to transact business as opposed to bartering with other goods and services. Can you image keeping all of your wealth in something like livestock? But unlike goods and services, money does not hold an intrinsic value in and of itself. In fact, today, money is merely a piece of specialized paper or numbers on a ledger. While its important to note that this was not always the case (for much of history, money was minted in coins of metals that held real value), today the system relies on a mutual set of beliefs. That is to say, that money has value because we as a society have assigned it value. In that sense, you can consider money a good with a limited supply and a demand simply because we want more of it. Simply put, we want money because we know that other people want money, so we can trade money for goods and services. This system works because a majority of us, if not all of us, believe in the future value of this money. The Future of Currency So if we are already in the future where the value of money is simply the value assigned to it, what has stopped us from moving toward an entirely digital currency? The answer is in large part due to our national governments. We have seen the rise (and falls) of digital or cryptographic currencies like Bitcoin. Some continue to wonder what were all still doing with the dollar (or the pound, euro, yen, etc.). But beyond the issues of storage of value with these digital currencies, it is difficult to imagine a world in which such currencies replace the national currencies like the dollar. In fact, as long as governments continue to collect a tax, they will have the authority to dictate the currency in which those taxes may be paid. As for one universal currency, were not likely to get there anytime soon, though we do suspect that the number of currencies will fall as time goes on and the world becomes more globalized. We already see that happening today like when a Canadian oil firm negotiates a contract with a Saudi Arabian company and the deal is negotiated in American dollars or EU euros, not Canadian dollars. The world could get to the point where there are only 4 or 5 different currencies in use. At that point, well likely be battling over standards, one of the largest deterrents to such a global change. The Bottom Line What were most likely to see is the continued growth of electronic transactions for which people will be less willing to pay fees. We will be looking for and inventing newer, lower cost ways to transact with money electronically as weve seen with the rise of services like PayPal and Square. Whats most amusing about this trend is that while less efficient in many ways, paper money is still the cheapest form in which to transact: Its free!

Some Star Wars Planets Designed From Earthly Locations

Essay Cardiovascular Disease - 1698 Words

Imagine what it would be like to have just started your senior year of high school and be involved in softball, basketball, and numerous other activities and organizations, and find out that your dad has to have a quadruple bypass surgery and won’t be able to attend any of your games, which will keep most of your family members from being able to as well because they are trying to take care of him. That was the reality for my best friend, Kathy Jo, last year. Cardiovascular disease does run in their family, so his diagnosis was understandable, but still came as a shock because he was so young and fit. Her dad is fine now and by the end of the year was well enough to go and support her in the last months of her senior year, but in the†¦show more content†¦Women, the elderly, and diabetics sometimes feel more or less pain but often feel more fatigued, weaker, and have trouble catching their breath (Wedro). There are several ways to test for heart disease that range f rom simple to more complex. Upon visiting the doctor he/she may check a person’s heart rate, heartbeat, blood pressure, give them a physical exam, and/or run tests for more accurate results. Heart rate is tested by checking the pulse and the purpose is to test the rhythm and regularity of the heart, whereas listening to the heartbeat with a stethoscope allows the doctor to evaluate the valve function (Bryg). Blood pressure is basically how hard the blood is pumped through the arteries by the heart. It is measured in two parts and is written as a fraction; for example, 120/80 is considered the normal reading. Systolic pressure, which is the pressure when the heart beats and is the higher number in the fraction, is one measurement, and diastolic pressure, the pressure when the heart is relaxed and is the lower number in the fraction, is the other measurement (Donatelle). Other forms of checking for CVD are simply running a few tests. Among the most common tests that doct ors use are electrocardiograms (ECG or EKG),Show MoreRelatedCardiovascular Disease Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesIn todays world, there is a rise in the US population adopting unhealthy lifestyles that lead to cardiovascular disease (CVD).1, 2 Stroke and coronary heart disease are the two leading health conditions and leading cause of death in established countries. However, these two types of cardiovascular disease have identifiable risk factors that can be modified to reduce the risk of developing CVD.3 Additionally, due to an increase in the prevalence of obesity, primary prevention for CVD is catchingRead MoreThe Occurrence Of Cardiovascular Disease Essay2112 Words   |  9 PagesOccurrence of Cardiovascular Disease Vital signs are an important measurement for a general assessment of a patient’s overall cardiovascular risk. 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Materiality In Financial Statements Essay Example For Students

Materiality In Financial Statements Essay It is the responsibility of an independent auditor to plan and perform an audit of financial statements that will provide reasonable assurance of detecting errors and irregularities that are material in nature. According to the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the essence of the concept of materiality is: â€Å"The omission or misstatement of an item in a financial report is material if, in the light of surrounding circumstances, the magnitude of the item is such that it is probable that the judgment of a reasonable person relying upon the report would have been changed or influenced by the inclusion or correction of the item.† Materiality is a term that is hard to quantify, and must be determined for each individual situation. Public accounting firms have established informal quantitative and qualitative measures in an attempt to establish materiality thresholds. These measures have been affected and enhanced by statements of the Securities and Exchange Commission and ot her regulatory agencies and professional organizations. In setting the preliminary judgment about materiality, auditors establish the maximum amount by which they believe the statements could be misstated and still not affect the decisions of reasonable users. An amount is considered material when it is one dollar more than the amount required for a user of financial statements to change their decision. Two broad types of materiality have been recognized: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative materiality is economic in nature and exclusively depends on the effect of a fact on the company’s financial performance. Typically, public accounting firms have established quantitative materiality thresholds, and have used specific mathematical procedures in this process. Once the effect of a fact exceeds a certain percentage or amount of the item serving as the base measurement (ie. net income, stock price, or total assets), the fact is disclosed as a material statement. Qualitative materiality is not as straightforward or easy to meas ure. In an attempt to clarify qualitative materiality, FASB asserted that â€Å"materiality judgments can properly be made only by those who have all the facts.† Thus, qualitative materiality takes into account the relevance and reliability of a fact to determine its effects on the financial statements, encompassing the information available in its entirety. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is an agency of the federal government whose purpose is to help to provide investors with reliable information for use in making financial and investment decisions. The SEC has determined that the creation of accounting principles and auditing standards should be left to the accounting professionals, namely the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the Auditing Standards Board (ASB). However, the position of the SEC is greatly taken into account when changes are proposed. Recently, the SEC disclosed its position on the practice of using quantitative benchmarks in dete rmining materiality. On August 12, 1999, the SEC released Staff Accounting Bulletin 99. This bulletin expressed the view of the SEC that â€Å"exclusive reliance on certain quantitative thresholds to assess materiality is inappropriate.† SAB 99 eliminated the common â€Å"rule of thumb† practice followed by most public accounting firms that allowed transactions affecting financial statements by an amount less than five percent to be disregarded and deemed immaterial. The quantifying of materiality in a percentage term should be just the beginning of a materiality analysis. The emphasis of the SEC’s bulletin was to encourage auditors to view facts in the context of the surrounding circumstances. All relevant factors, both quantitative and qualitative, must be accounted for and â€Å"magnitude by itself, without regard to the nature of the item and the circumstances in which the judgment has to be made, will not generally be a sufficient basis for a materiality j udgment.† To assist auditors in determining relevant considerations in determining materiality, SAB 99 provided a partial list of situations where misstatements that are quantitatively small may be deemed material. These situations include misstatements which: ? Arise from an item capable of precise measurement or from an estimate and, if so, the degree of imprecision inherent in the estimate? Mask a change in earnings or other trends? Hide a failure to meet analysts’ consensus expectations for the enterprise? Change a loss into income or vice versa? Concern a segment or other portion of the registrant’s business that has been identified as playing a significant role in the registrant’s operation or profitability? Affect the registrant’s compliance with regulatory requirements, loan covenants or other contractual requirements? Have the effect of increasing management’s compensation? Involve the concealment of an unlawful transaction SAB 99 is an attempt by the SEC to provide guidance to auditors when dealing with areas that have the possibility of becoming material. This guidance will help to provide investors with more complete information, which is necessary to make sound financial decisions. .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d , .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d .postImageUrl , .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d , .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d:hover , .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d:visited , .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d:active { border:0!important; } .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d:active , .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u68e558daa5a9b148704f58285a3a829d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Of Praise EssayThe concept of materiality in financial reporting is a sensitive and difficult topic to define. The quantitative measures of materiality, which were almost exclusively followed for so long by public accounting firms, are not sufficient when making the decision regarding financial disclosures. The issuance of SAB 99 will help auditors to more closely consider qualitative measures, which are notably more difficult to pinpoint, yet can carry a great impact on materiality and financial decisions. Business Essays